The Skeptical Philosophers

Table of Prominent Academic Skeptics
Name Birthplace Dates Remarks
Arcesilaus . about 316/5-242/1 B.C. Turned Plato's Academy to Skepticism
Carneades . 214/213-129/128 B.C. Head of Academy and most proficient skeptic
Aenesidemus . first century B.C. Academic skeptic who converted to Pyrrhonism
Clitomachus . . Carneades's successor as head of Academy
Marcus Tullius Cicero Arpinum 106-43 B.C. Roman follower of Academic skepticism
Plutarch . about 46- after 120 B.C. Member of the Academy, wrote disputations against the other schools

Table of Prominent Pyrrhonian Skeptics
Name Birthplace Dates Remarks
Pyrrho Elis about 365/360-275/270 B.C. Founder of skepticm. Left no writings.
Timon Phlius about 320-230 B.C. Follower of Pyrrho
Sextus Empiricus . about 200 A.D. Reported the views of the ancient skeptics

Modern Philosophers Influenced by Skepticism
Name Notable Work Dates Remarks
Michel de Montaigne In Defense of Raymond Sabond 1533-1592 introduced skepticism to a wide audience
Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy 1596-1650 Attempted to refute skepticism
David Hume Treatise of Human Nature 1711-1776 Advanced new, powerful skeptical arguments

Main Sources of Information about Skepticism
Name Works Remarks
Diogenes Laertius Lives of Eminent Philosophers Gossipy and unreliable
Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against the Philosophers, Against the Logicians Detailed reports of arguments
Cicero Academica Describes disputes between the skeptics and their contemporaries

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